Evidence that Pacific salmon production is related to growth in the first months in the ocean
https://doi.org/10.36038/0234-2774-2021-22-4-5-15
Abstract
It is a principle in ecology that the abundance of plants and animals that produce large numbers of seeds or babies is regulated by the available habitat and not by the number of seeds or babies. Pacific salmon produce a large number of babies which means that when an adequate number of smolts or fry enter the ocean, it is the carrying capacity of the ocean that regulates the production of Pacific salmon. Recent studies confirm that growth in the early marine period is related to total production of Pacific salmon with individuals that grow faster, surviving better. We propose that the recent increasing or decreasing trends in Pacific salmon abundances are caused by increasing or decreasing abundances of preferred prey in the coastal areas within the first few months after ocean entry. Fish that survive the first ocean winter will primarily be individuals that exceeded a growth – energy threshold at a critical time in the early marine period.
About the Authors
Richard James Beamish
Emeritus Scientist, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station
Canada
Canada
Nanaimo, British Columbia
Chrys-Ellen Marie Nevill
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station
Canada
Canada
Nanaimo, British Columbia
References
1. Beamish R.J., Bouillon D.R. 1993. Pacific salmon production trends in relation to climate // Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1999. V. 50. P. 1002–1016.
2. Beamish R.J., Mahnken C. Taking the next step in fisheries management // Pages 1–21, in Ecosystem approaches for fisheries management. Alaska Sea Grant Program. AK-SG-99–01, Fairbanks, Alaska. 1999. P. 1–21.
3. Beamish R.J., Mahnken C. A critical size and period hypothesis to explain natural regulation of salmon abundance and the linkage to climate and climate change // Progress in Oceanography. 2001. V. 49. P. 423–437.
4. Beamish R.J., Mahnken C., Neville C.M. Evidence that reduced early marine growth is associated with lower marine survival of coho salmon // Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 2004. V. 133. P. 26–33.
5. Beamish R.J., Sweeting R., Neville C. Late ocean entry provides resilience to populations of Chinook and Sockeye Salmon in the Fraser River // North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission Technical Report. 2013. V. 9. P. 38–44.
6. Beamish R.J. The ocean ecology of Pacific salmon and trout // American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland. 2018. 1197 p.
7. Beamish R.J., Neville C. (Submitted). The natural regulation of wild and hatchery Coho Salmon production in the Strait of Georgia // Fisheries. 2021.
8. Brauer E.P. The photoperiod control of coho salmon smoltification // Aquaculture. 1982. V. 28. P. 105–111.
9. Cass A. Stock status of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) // Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1989. V. 1674. 106 p.
10. Dickhoff W.W., Beckman B.R, Larsen D.A., Duan C., Moriyama S. The role of growth in endocrine regulation of salmon smoltification // Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 1997. V. 17. P. 231–236.
11. Duffy E.J., Beauchamp D.A. Rapid growth in the early marine period improves the marine survival of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Puget Sound, Washington // Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2011. V. 68. P. 232–240.
12. Ebbesmeyer C.C., Cayan D.R, McLean D.R. 1976 step in the Pacific climate: forty environmental changes between 1968–1975 and 1977– 1984 // In J.L. Betancourt, and V.L. Tharp. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Pacific Climate (PACLIM) Workshop, April 1990. California Department of Water Resources, Asilomar, California. 1991. P. 115–126.
13. Farley E.V. Jr., Murphy J.M, Cieciel K. Response of Pink salmon to climate warming in the northern Bering Sea // Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 2020. V. 177: article 104830.
14. Graham C.J., Sutton T.M, Adkinson M.D. Evaluation of growth, survival, and recruitment of Chinook Salmon in southeast Alaska rivers // Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 2019. V. 148. P. 243–259.
15. Henderson M.A., Cass A.J. Effect of smolt size on smolt-to-adult survival of Chilko Lake sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) // Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1991. V. 48. P. 988–994.
16. Mahnken C., Prentice E., Waknitz W. The application of recent smoltification research to public hatchery releases: an assessment of size/time requirements for Columbia River hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynckus kisutch) // Aquaculture. 1982. V. 28. P. 251–268.
17. Mueter F.J., Peterman R.M., Pyper B.J. Opposite effects of ocean temperature on survival rates of 120 stocks of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in northern and southern areas // Canadian J. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2002. V. 59. P. 456–463.
18. Minobe S. A 50–70 year climatic oscillation over the North Pacific and North America // Geo-physical Research Letters. 1997. V. 24. P. 683–686.
19. Neville C.-E. M., Beamish R.J. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate Coho Salmon abundance in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada // North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission Technical Report. 2018. V. 11. P. 67–71. Available at https://npafc.org/wp-cont-tent/uploads/technical-reports/17_Neville-andBeamish.pdf.
20. Pearcy W.G. Ocean ecology of North Pacific salmonids // University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1992.
21. Ricker W.E. Stock and recruitment // J. Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 1954. V. 11. P. 559–623.
22. Ricker W.E. Maximum sustained yields from fluctuating environments and mixed stocks // Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 1958. V. 15. P. 991–1006.
23. Riddell B.E., Brodeur R.D., Bugaev A.V. Ocean ecology of Chinook Salmon // In R.J. Beamish (ed.). The ocean ecology of Pacific salmon and trout. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, 2018. P. 555–596.
24. Sandercock F.K. Life history of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) // In C. Groot and L. Margolis (ed.). Pacific salmon life histories. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, 1991. P. 395–445.
25. Orsi J.A., Fergusson E.A., Wertheimer A.C., Farley Jr. E.V. Forecasting Pink salmon production in southeast Alaska using ecosystem indicators in times of climate change // North Pacific Anadromous Fisheries Commission Bulletin. 2016. V. 6. P. 483–499.
26. Perry, R.I., Young K., Galbraith M. Zooplankton variability in the Strait of Georgia, Canada, and relationships with the marine survivals of Chinook and Coho salmon // PLOS ONE. 2021. V. 16(1). P. e0245941. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245941.
27. US GLOBEC. Report on climate change and carrying capacity of the North Pacific ecosystem // US Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics Rep. 1996. N. 15 Univ. California, Berkeley.
28. Welch D.W., Porter A.D., Rechisky E.L. A synthesis of the coast-wide decline in survival of West Coast Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha, Salonidae) // Fish and Fisheries. 2021. V. 22. N. 1. P. 194–211.
Review
For citations:
Beamish R.J., Nevill Ch.M. Evidence that Pacific salmon production is related to growth in the first months in the ocean. Problems of Fisheries. 2021;22(4):5-15. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.36038/0234-2774-2021-22-4-5-15
Email this article 